Difference Between Photodiode, Phototransistor and Photoresistor

In the field of electronics and optoelectronics, light-sensitive devices play a crucial role in converting light signals into electrical signals. Among the most widely used light sensors are the Photodiode, Phototransistor, and Photoresistor (also known as Light Dependent Resistor or LDR). Though they all respond to light, their construction, working principles, advantages, disadvantages, and applications […]

Best FPGA Development Boards for Learning and Prototyping

Field-Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) might sound intimidating at first, but they’re actually one of the most exciting ways to learn digital design. Unlike microcontrollers (like Arduino or STM32) that run instructions on fixed hardware, FPGAs let you design your own hardware. That means you can create custom processors, signal processors, robotics controllers, or even video […]

Astable Multivibrator Circuit Diagram, Working and Applications

An Astable Multivibrator is an essential oscillator circuit in electronics, used to generate continuous square wave signals without any external triggering. It is called “astable” because it has no stable state — both transistors in the circuit keep switching ON and OFF alternately, producing a continuous flip-flop output. In this article, we will explore a […]

Difference Between Encoder and Decoder with Applications

While they may seem like two sides of the same coin, encoders and decoders serve opposite but equally crucial roles. In this article, we’ll learn about difference between encoder and decoder with their types, pros and cons, real-world applications, and some of the most commonly used encoder and decoder ICs. In the world of digital […]