In this article, you will learn how to design a 12V 5A SMPS circuit that converts 230VAC to regulated 12V DC using the TOP227YN in a flyback configuration. Switched Mode Power Supplies (SMPS) are widely used for high-efficiency AC-to-DC conversion. The flyback topology is especially suitable for low- to medium-power isolated supplies. The TOP227YN is […]
A Varistor is a voltage-dependent, non-linear resistor whose resistance changes significantly with applied voltage. The term varistor is derived from “variable resistor”, but unlike potentiometers or rheostats, its resistance varies automatically with voltage, not mechanically. Varistors are primarily used for over-voltage protection. Under normal operating voltage, a varistor behaves like a very high resistance device. […]
A thermistor is a temperature-sensitive passive electronic component whose resistance changes significantly with temperature. The term thermistor is derived from Thermally sensitive resistor. Unlike standard resistors whose resistance remains nearly constant over temperature, thermistors are designed to exhibit large, predictable resistance variations with temperature changes. Thermistors are widely used in: Temperature measurement and control Over-temperature […]
A trimmer resistor, commonly known as a trim-pot (trimming potentiometer), is a small adjustable resistor designed for fine-tuning, calibration, and preset adjustment of electronic circuits. Unlike standard potentiometers that are frequently adjusted by the user, trimmer resistors are usually set once during manufacturing, testing, or servicing, and then left unchanged for long periods. Trimmer resistors […]
A rheostat is a variable resistor specifically designed to control current in an electrical or electronic circuit without interrupting the circuit. Unlike potentiometers, which are mainly used for voltage division, rheostats are typically employed in series with a load to adjust current flow. Rheostats are widely used in power control applications, such as motor speed […]
Every electronics project reaches a point where the circuit works, the code runs, and the breadboard prototype does what it is supposed to do. The next step is putting it into something that protects the board, manages heat, and looks like an actual product rather than a tangle of wires zip-tied to a plastic box. […]